Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts how the brain grows and functions. While it is commonly associated with hyperactivity and impulsive behavior—particularly in boys and men—ADHD often presents differently in women. Women are more likely to experience symptoms related to inattention, though hyperactivity and impulsivity can still occur.
Historically, ADHD has been significantly underdiagnosed in women, partly due to outdated diagnostic criteria, societal biases, and the subtlety of symptoms in females.
ADHD is a lifelong condition that begins in childhood, although many women don’t receive a diagnosis until adolescence or adulthood. The disorder affects executive functioning—skills responsible for organizing tasks, regulating emotions, maintaining attention, and controlling impulses.
Sex-based differences influence how ADHD manifests. Although research indicates that ADHD is diagnosed more often in males, recent studies suggest many women remain undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed with other mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression.
Women with ADHD typically fall into one or more of the three subtypes:
Inattentive symptoms are the most common form of ADHD presentation in women and can affect work, academic performance, relationships, and daily functioning. Typical symptoms include:
Though less common in women, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms can still occur:
Women with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms may internalize their restlessness, leading to chronic feelings of anxiety or agitation, rather than outward disruptive behaviors.
Several factors contribute to the underrecognition of ADHD in women:
The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but researchers know that genetics play a significant role. If a parent has ADHD, their child is more likely to develop it as well. Brain imaging studies show that people with ADHD may have structural and chemical differences in brain regions associated with attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation.
Hormonal influences, particularly fluctuations in estrogen levels, may also impact how ADHD symptoms manifest and fluctuate in women, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause.
Diagnosing ADHD typically involves a comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or specialized physician. The process includes:
There is currently no laboratory or imaging test to definitively diagnose ADHD.
There is no cure for ADHD, but effective treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Women with ADHD often face unique challenges, such as higher rates of co-occurring mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, eating disorders) and hormonal fluctuations that affect symptom severity. Customized treatment plans that address these factors are crucial.
Treatment side effects vary by medication but may include:
Healthcare providers carefully monitor and adjust treatments to minimize side effects while optimizing benefits.
With proper diagnosis, treatment, and support, women with ADHD can lead successful, fulfilling lives. Early intervention can prevent secondary issues such as chronic low self-esteem, academic or occupational underachievement, and strained relationships.
Learning to recognize and work with ADHD—rather than against it—empowers women to leverage their unique strengths, creativity, and resilience.
Can hormones affect ADHD symptoms in women?
Yes. Fluctuations in estrogen levels can influence symptom severity, particularly during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause.
Is ADHD hereditary?
Yes. ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a strong genetic component.
Can untreated ADHD lead to other problems?
Untreated ADHD increases the risk of developing depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and relationship difficulties.
